Contract farming in sugarcane and reactions of the farmers a. Early fertilizer application resulted in lower sugar yield due. Mosaic, which causes mottling or spotting of foliage and sometimes curling, dwarfing, and narrowing of the leaves, is due to infection by any of several viruses. Sugarcane, or sugar cane, is any of six to 37 of tall perennial true grasses of the genus saccharum.
Plant crop infected by pests and diseases like scales, mealy bugs etc. The insect is damaging to citrus and ornamental plants. Sugar cane bagasse energy cogeneration lessons from mauritius pdf. Exotic pests and diseases and more commonly endemicestablished pests. It also is the basis of large plantation enterprises. Biology of sugarcane borer is described by holloway et al. Ppt sugarcane diseases powerpoint presentation free to. The cost of sugarcane cultivation in the country is increasing steadily. Introduction sugarcane is the common name for a number of species belonging to the taxonomic genus saccharum they are tall tropical southeast asian grasses have thick, solid, tough stems that are the chief commercial source of sugar sugarcane is one of the most widespread plants. The biology and ecology of sugarcane saccharum spp. A further improvement is the correct control of furrow opening to receive the cane stalks for billet planting.
Ipm strategy for sugarcane mealy bug use resistant varieties like co 439, co 443, co 720, co 730 drain excess water from the field detrash the crop on 150 and 210 days after planting. These figures compare to a maximum potential production of 15002000 kg meat per hectare from one hectare of star grass cynodon nlemfluensis with fertilizer and irrigation, under the same climatic conditions. Top borer of sugarcane the scientific name of top borer of sugarcane is scirpophaga novella fabricius with family pyralidae and belonging to order lepideoptera. When the cane is cut, rapid deterioration of the cane begins.
Biological control with beneficial insects or pathogens may be possible for a few specific weed pests rozeff, 1997. Matching with long diversity of conditions under which sugarcane is grown in the world, there is wide spectrum of pests and diseases which have come to acquire a place of priority for control on regional or interregional basis due to the agroclimatic management conditions associated with the area. Unlike other common aphid species that feed on sorghum, sugarcane aphids have dark, paired, tailpipelike structures, called cornicles, at the rear, and their tarsi feet are dark at high magnification. The lack of information about the effects of cultivars, crop age and climate on the sugarcane saccharum ssp. Sugarcane is scientifically known as saccharam officinarum it is believed to be originated from south and southeast asia india is the second largest producer of cane sugar next to brazil sugarcane is infested by 287 species of insect and non insect pests.
All images show green channel gfp fluorescence except c and d that show merged images of. Further emphasis may be given for community organization, group formation, conflict. Two fl owers are produced on the infl orescence, one sterile and the other bisexual. Sugarcane spider mites, primarily oligonychus stickneyi, have been occasional pests in florida sugarcane since the 1970s. This chopper type combine harvester is suitable for harvesting cane grown at 150 cm. Rubbing of setts with gunny bag pieces dipped in malathion 0. Social and environmental impacts of sugarcane production in brazil pdf, 750. Other important pests are the larvae of some butterflymoth species, including.
Root damage caused by nematodes reduces the number and length of cane stalks and yield of sucrose. An integrated approach involving the measures indicated belowe to be employed to manage sugarcane under salinity and to improve productivity. If you see sugarcane with holes in the stem report it to your local department of agriculture and water resources office. The development of transgenic herbicideresistant sugarcane offers a potential for controlling perennial weeds, but several nontechnical ownership equity issues must be resolved irvine and mirkov, 1997. The process of energy and biomass generation has been analyzed only at cellular or on microorganism level and has shown a complex net of. It belongs to family cicadellidae and order homoptera. Ii growth and production of sugarcane willy verheye encyclopedia of life support systems eolss sugar cane is a perennial grass that thrives well in tropical and frostfree warm temperate areas. Infestations cause direct and indirect damage, and early maturing varieties are more susceptible. The infl orescence of sugarcane is a terminal panicle which possesses two spikelets and seeds protected by husks glumes covered in silky hair. Influence of climatic changes on the abundance of major insect pests of sugarcane presented by m. For insects and mite pests of sugarcane, biological control using predators. The most important sugarcane insect pests in brazil are the sugarcane borers diatraea saccharalis and diatraea flavipennella, the giant. These pests of sugarcane feed on the plants roots and underground stems. By ziaulhussnain, asia naheed and saadia rizwana shakarganj sugar research institute, jhang, pakistan abstract sugarcane saccharum sp.
One of these pests is the giant sugarcane borer, telchin licus drury lepidoptera. About 288 insect pests are known to attack sugarcane and about 24 of them cause heavy losses in quality as well as in quantity. It is also found through the caribbean, warmer parts of south america, including argentina and brazil. It was described by the dutch entomologist samuel constantinus snellen van vollenhoven in 1890. Field data on infestation of pyrilla perpusilla showed that decline in cane yield was 18%.
Monitor insects periodically through scouting to determine when threshold numbers are exceeded. It is an important crop for thousands of small farmers with only a few acres. Major insect pests include the mexican rice borer, the sugarcane borer, wireworms, and the sugarcane aphid which is a vector of sugarcane yellow leaf disease. Wireworms, the sugarcane aphid, sugarcane beetle, sugarcane mealybug, root stock weevils, and springtails are minor pests for which no controls or spot controls are consistently recommended. Sugarcane straw and the populations of pests and nematodes. Cotton jassid cotton jassid is a major sucking insect pest of cotton with scientific name amrasca biguttula ishida. There are also state regulations on the movement of sugarcane. Green cane harvesting can benefit this pest mainly by the elimination of fire, which is responsible for the destruction of adults. Pests of stored products a pest of stored products can refer to any organism that infests and damages stored food, books and documents, fabrics, leather, carpets, and any other dried or preserved item that is not used shortly after it is delivered to a location, or moved regularly. The sugarcane borer is the major pest of sugarcane.
No starter fertilizer application is recommended for cane planted after a soybean crop. Higher seed rate of 25 % is recommended to compensate for germination loss and to ensure adequate crop stand. A sugarcane grub infestation usually starts at the. Our pdf merger allows you to quickly combine multiple pdf files into one single pdf document, in just a few clicks. One of the processes about which we do not have a satisfactory understanding is sugarcane ripening and the effects of cultivars, crop age and climate on that. Sugarcane, or sugar cane, or simply cane, are several species of tall perennial true grasses of. Stem borer of sugarcane the scientific name of stem borer of sugarcane is chilo infuscatellus snellen with family. Outbreaks of the diseases fiji leaf gall, orange rust and smut have cost hundreds of millions of dollars and have impacted the sugarcane plant breeding program and onfarm management. Biocontrol of insect pest of sugarcane crop through artificial rearing of. Reasons and consequences of the bankruptcy of a sugarcane.
Social and environmental impacts of sugarcane production. For the abovementioned reasons, sugarcane breeding can benefit a lot from the use of non. Sugarcane growing countries of the world are lying between the latitude 36. Sugarcane is a tall perennial plant growing erect even up to 5 to 6 meters. This publication has been compiled by raylene hansen of regional delivery, department of employment. The variety and species of pests in sugarcane crop is astonishing, as mentioned nearly 288 insects from the following orders and families are found in this crop. Chlorantraniliprole and neonicotinoid seed treatments had differential effects on other pests of rice, including the fall armyworm, spodoptera frugiperda and sugarcane borer, diatrea saccharalis. Louisiana recommendations for control of sugarcane insects the sugarcane borer is the most destructive insect attacking the louisiana sugarcane crop.
Sugarcanesugarcane fap 2433fap 2433 ds 102ds 102 section asection a 2. Adult sugarcane borer, diatraea saccharalis fabricius. The bud, a miniature stalk with its growing point and root and leaf primordia, forms the new shoot. The word sugar is known to have derived from the sanskrit word sharkara. Climatic effects on sugarcane ripening under the influence. Pdf sugarcane is a long duration crop of 1012 months and therefore is liable to be attacked by a number of insect pests. Contract farming in sugarcane and reactions of the farmers a study in odisha maximum obtainable score 3 districts had favorably opined for leadership development, motivating for the risk bearing abilities and climate of team work. Effects of environmental vulnerabilities on sugarcane diseases, insects and weeds. Pdf insect pests of sugarcane and their management. Pdf on jan 1, 2009, stevens m brumbley and others published sugarcane find. In consecutive chapters borers, termites, leafhopper, white fly, black bug, mealy bug, scale insect, beetles and beetle grubs, sugarcane mites, army worm, grasshoppers, aphids and rats are dealt with. Succession planting sugarcane cane plant ed without fallow.
Food delivery indianapolis 1 sugarcane juice is alkaline in nature due to the high centralization of calcium, magnesium, potassium, iron, and manganese,which forestalls maladies like disease, that cant get by in a basic situation. Please observe these regulations to help stop the movement of pests and diseases of. Sucrose content of infected cane is reduced to 3 7%. Each year, we plant, harvest and process sugarcane into about 800,000 tons of refined sugar, making us the countrys largest totally integrated producer of sugarcane and cane sugar. Pest management of sugarcane insects louisiana state.
It requires high temperatures, plenty of sunlight, large quantities of. Native to the warm temperate to tropical regions of south asia, they have stout jointed fibrous stalks that are rich in sugar, and measure two to six meters 6 to 19 feet tall. The bmpdeveloped practices for sugarcane entomology are to. Insect management in sugarcane 3 uprooting, and death in heavily infested areas. Crop protection pest of sugarcane tnau agritech portal. Chilo infuscatellus, the yellow top borer or sugarcane shoot borer, is a moth in the family crambidae. Crop profile for sugarcane in louisiana ipm database. Because sugarcane has already a relatively high average production efficiency, there is a limited potential for further increasing the yield in response to increased agronomic inputs such as irrigation, fertilization and pest control moore, 1987. How to control yellow aphids in sugarcane crop crop.
The 11th congress of the international society of sugar cane technologists 1962 passed a resolution calling for a book on sugarcane pests that would summarise present knowledge and clarify trends of thought on pest problems of outstanding importance or interest. Chapter 1 introduction in vitro approaches for improvement of sugarcane cultivar page 1 introduction sugarcane is an oldest crop known to man, a major crop of tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. The crushing process must break up the hard nodes of the cane and flatten the stems. The sugarcane aphid which also attacks sorghum, is capable of causing substantial damage to the crop if left unmanaged. This document provides an overview of baseline biological information relevant to risk assessment of genetically modified forms of the species that may be released into the australian environment. A field study was conducted to see the effect of diuron, atrazine and metribuzin as pre and postemergence application for the control of weeds in sugarcane at regional research station, kheri sangrur, punjab during 199495.
Mechanical harvesting uses a combine, or sugarcane harvester. Sugarcane cultivation requires a tropical or temperate climate, with a minimum of 60 cm 24 of annual rainfallirrigation. Rae a 42 405, which is the outcome, consists of 26 contributions by 24 authors. By sadam hussain, abdul khaliq, umer mehmood, tauqeer qadir, muhammad saqib, muhammad amjed iqbal and saddam hussain.
Sugarcane is an important cash crop in many tropical and subtropical countries and is one of the main sources of sugar production in the world. In this slide it shows that in the us the sugarcane aphid had been here since 1977 in florida but only feeding on sugarcane. Injury is usually more severe in older ratoon crops and is most evident around the edges of a field. Of all firms running the 435 production plants in brazil, raizen, the company formed in the merger between cosan and shell, is the largest producer. Sugarcane for beef and pork production home food and. The list of major that cause economic damage to this crop insects pests of sugarcane are given below, 1. In australia, the most important insect pests of sugarcane are canegrubs that. These underground stems, in particular, can fall victim to white grubs, also known as sugarcane grubs. The juice is collected, filtered and sometimes treated and then boiled to drive off the excess water.
However, borers, white grub and termite in ratoon crops are recognized as major pests. The more common include helicotylenchus dihystera, pratylenchus zeae, xiphinema elongatum and, on sandy soils, meloidogyne javanica. This map depicts the distribution of sugarcane in the world. Losses due to smut in sugarcane depend on various factors viz. Germination commercial sugarcane is propagated by cuttings of the stalk seed cane containing usually two or more nodes with buds. Successful ratoon management in sugarcane open access journals. Sugarcane whiteflies are one of the most important pests of sugarcane in south asian countries. Use economic threshold levels of pest insects to determine the need for control. Factors affecting sugarcane production in pakistan 2 estimate return to scale. Pests of stored products the university of arizona. Sugarcane in south africa hosts more than 90 species of 28 genera of plantparasitic nematodes.
Sugar production from sugar cane the basic process sugar cane must be crushed to extract the juice. The possible disadvantages are that it cannot show both increasing and diminishing marginal returns in a single response curve, and that may lead to overestimate of the economic optimum upton, 1996. Some sixty species of this insect have been reported. Diatraea saccharalis sugarcane borer is native to the western hemisphere but seems to have been introduced to the united states of america usa, where it inhabits the warmers states. Sugarcane is a glycophyte, sucrose storing member of tall growing perennial monocotyledonous grass. These can help to improve the mechanical harvesting quality, contributing to the reduction of sugarcane losses, ratoon damage. The plant is composed of four principle parts, the root system, the stalk, the leaves and the inflorescence.
However, in the context of this book, discussion is limited to two of the major species. This document addresses the biology and ecology of conventional nongenetically modified sugarcane. The sugarcane aphids seen in 20 were gray to tan or light yellow. Sorghum is more droughttolerant than either corn or. Intensity of infestation and extent of damage are known to vary considerably across geographical locations and variations in pest complex are also on record srikanth et al. It is found in india, myanmar, tajikistan, afghanistan, korea. Results revealed that application of all the herbicides as pre and postemergence increased the cane yield significantly over the control and hand weeding treatment. Results of studies on seasonal history, field ecology and control methods of major pests conducted during the last four decades at different sugarcane research centres in india are presented. Sereh, a blackening and degeneration of the fanlike tops, is caused by an east indian virus. The diaprepes root weevil, diaprepes abbreviatus, was first reported in florida during the 1960s.
Thus, the aim of this research is to investigate the managers perception about the determinants of the economic bankruptcy of a sugarcane agroindustry and the influence on the economic and social aspects for the municipalities in this situation. Included is the origin of sugarcane, general descriptions of its growth and agronomy, its reproductive biology, toxicity and allergenicity and its general ecology. Therefore, unlike sugarbeets, sugarcane cannot be stored for later processing without excessive deterioration of the sucrose content. Abstractpushpull strategies involve the behavioral manipulation of insect pests and their natural enemies via the integration of stimuli that act to make the protected resource unattractive or unsuitable to the pests push while luring them toward an.
Photos sammy omingostandard yellow aphids a ferocious pest are giving farmers in sugarcane growing areas sleepless nights. Major insect pests of cotton the main or major insect pests of cotton that cause economic loss to this crop are given below with their scientific names, order and family name. A simplified process flow diagram for a typical cane sugar production plant is shown in figure 9. Ttc not only provides sugar products but also produces many kinds of byproducts, such as molasses, electricity, bagasse, organic microorganisms, press mud, alcohol, and miaqua water condensed from the process of sugar production and fully retaining the sweet flavor and refreshing qualities of sugarcane consumers are interested in. Dec, 2016 ipm strategy for sugarcane mealy bug use resistant varieties like co 439, co 443, co 720, co 730 drain excess water from the field detrash the crop on 150 and 210 days after planting. These mites live and feed on the undersides of leaves.
Char lands, socioeconomics, profitability, sugarcane and constraints this article is distributed under terms of a creative common. Freshly planted fields usually have little or no grub infestation. Sugarcane arthropod pests of minor or undetermined importance. A brief view 4 are generally too low to produce viable sugarcane seed in florida. Severe pest and disease outbreaks in the australian sugarcane industry have caused some heavy losses to productivity.
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